International Journal of Cancer

ObjectiveTo evaluate risk of early-onset dementia (EOD) after diagnosis of cancer among Medicaid beneficiaries. DesignLongitudinal observational study of Medicaid enrollment, inpatient, and outpatient claims data from 26 states and Washington, DC, 2001-2019. MethodsBeneficiaries aged 18-64 with [≥]6 months of enrollment were matched 1:1 on cancer status (lung, colon, breast, prostate) by age, sex, race, year and state. We estimated the weighted cumulative incidence functions of EOD at 1, 2,...

Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide; however, with incidence rising, there is a requirement to identify novel risk factors and biomarkers to prevent and diagnose cancer earlier. Previous work has implicated a role of the gut microbiome in cancer aetiology; however, its causal relevance is not clear. Whilst Mendelian randomisation (MR) is increasingly being applied to assess the causal role of the gut microbiome on several health outcomes, the complexities and limitations of the...

While the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is a widely used prostate cancer screening tool, its application remains controversial. Opportunistic PSA testing generates complex data in which testing intensities, PSA levels, and prostate cancer diagnosis are interdependent. Conventional analyses rarely model these processes jointly. The objective of this study was to develop a population-based joint model to analyse PSA dynamics, retesting patterns, and prostate cancer risk. We used the Stockho...

BackgroundPeople with HIV (PWH) experience higher cancer-specific mortality and may have worse surgical outcomes than people without HIV (PWoH), though the limited prior evidence largely predates the treat-all antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. We examined postoperative outcomes among PWH and PWoH enrolled in Medicaid in 26 states and Washington, D.C. from 2001-2021. MethodsWe identified the first inpatient/outpatient surgery for anal, bladder, breast, colorectal, female genitourinary, gastroeso...

IntroductionSporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant driver of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Environmental factors associated with CRC are increasingly well-described and now include generalized colonic dysbiosis and individual enteric bacteria. Clostridioides difficile is one such species, with recent mouse model work suggesting prolonged exposure to C. difficile toxin B is conducive to colonic tumorigenesis. However, there is a dearth of real-world human evidence linking C. ...

BackgroundHelicobacter pylori infection accounts for 98% of gastric cancer (GC) cases in Japan. Since 2013, the nationwide expansion of H. pylori eradication therapy to chronic gastritis patients has created a unique opportunity to evaluate its population-level impact on GC primary prevention. However, short-term reductions in GC deaths are difficult to interpret given the long natural history of gastric carcinogenesis. This study aimed to assess the early impact of population-level eradication ...

ObjectiveTo examine how habitual ultraviolet (UV) exposure relates to cause-specific mortality and incidence, to quantify trade-offs between non-skin disease and skin cancer, and to explore potential circulating mediators. DesignA population-based prospective cohort study with epidemiological and proteomic mediation analyses. SettingUK Biobank, recruited from 22 assessment centres across England, Scotland, and Wales. Participants419 007 adults of White European ancestry with data on habitual ...

BackgroundDigestive system cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. This study aimed to identify changes in digestive system cancer mortality in Peru (2001-2020) by age and sex, and to predict trends through 2030. MethodsDeath records for digestive system cancers (anus, colon, esophagus, stomach, liver and intrahepatic bile ducts, small intestine, pancreas, rectum, biliary tract, and gallbladder) in Peru were analyzed from the World Health Organization mortality database for 2001-2020....

BackgroundPlatelet count and C-reactive protein (CRP) are blood tests commonly used in primary care as part of diagnostic work up for symptomatic patients. Abnormal results of these tests can indicate an undetected cancer; however, it is not known whether the association between an abnormal test result and cancer risk varies by patient ethnicity. MethodsThis cohort study used routinely collected primary and secondary health care records in England with linkage to national cancer registry data. ...

Prostate cancer overdiagnosis is detection of prostate cancer through PSA testing that otherwise would not have been diagnosed within the patients lifetime. It is a major concern to policymakers due to its impact on quality of life. We used long-term followup data from the CAP randomised trial of a one-off screen, and English male competing mortality rates (2021-23), to estimate the impact of age on excess prostate cancer incidence within 15 years ( overdiagnosis) using competing risks methods. ...

BackgroundSubsequent primary malignancies following human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers represent an important survivorship concern. However, evidence remains limited regarding sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with registry-defined subsequent cancers among children, adolescents, and young adults in U.S. population-based cohorts. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective population-based analysis of 1,326 individuals diagnosed with HPV-related cancers using Surveillance, Epidemi...

BackgroundSeveral colorectal cancer (CRC) screening modalities are guideline-recommended in the United States, yet they vary considerably in screening interval and real-world adherence. As a result, single-round test performance may not reflect cumulative effectiveness over time. This study compared the 10-year longitudinal outcomes of two CRC screening strategies-- triennial next-generation multitarget stool DNA testing (ng mt-sDNA) and decennial screening colonoscopy. MethodsThis study used t...

BackgroundNo randomized clinical trial comparing the most established new modalities of treatment for patients with localized prostate cancer has been published, and there is scarce comparative effectiveness research assessing Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs). Objectiveto compare the impact of active surveillance, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and real-time brachytherapy on patients, through PROMs, from pre-treatment to five years...

Cancer accounts for one in six deaths globally, making patient survivorship critical for medical professionals. Thyroid cancer incidence is rising in the United States, with Papillary Thyroid Cancer (PTC) representing approximately 80% of cases. This study develops a semi-parametric Cox Proportional Hazards model to investigate associations between PTC patient survival time and five risk factors: age, sex, malignant tumor size, race, and cancer stage. Our final Cox-PH model, which satisfies all ...

BackgroundBladder cancer imposes substantial clinical and economic burden, yet key natural-history quantities that determine the potential effectiveness of screening--such as the size of the screen-detectable preclinical reservoir and the preclinical sojourn time--are largely unobservable. The Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) uses standardized stress tests to compare independently developed microsimulation models and to clarify how differences in model structure tra...

Context SummaryO_ST_ABSKey ObjectiveC_ST_ABSCan polygenic hazard scores accurately predict prostate cancer disease risk and age at diagnosis in Nordic populations? Knowledge GeneratedPolygenic hazard score PHS601 stratified prostate cancer risk with a towfold increase per standard deviation increase in two Norwegian populations (N = 17,538). The top 1.7% of scores conferred 8.7-fold higher risk compared with median risk, exceeding the risk associated with pathogenic HOXB13 variants. PURPOSEMor...

ImportancePersistent racial and ethnic disparities in breast and prostate cancer mortality are well documented. Most prior studies emphasize between-group differences and rely on population averages or single composite measures of social disadvantage, which can obscure high-need communities within groups. How socio-behavioral determinants of health vary within groups across local gradients of cancer mortality remains incompletely characterized. A framework that combines race- and cancer-specific...

IntroductionBRCA1/2 alterations are increasingly recognized as biologically and clinically relevant features in prostate cancer, yet the prognostic and therapeutic significance of zygosity status remains uncertain. Understanding differences between monoallelic and biallelic inactivation may refine risk stratification and guide therapeutic decision-making. Materials and MethodsA retrospective, desk-based observational analysis was performed using publicly accessible datasets from TCGA-PRAD (prim...

PurposeGermline deletions affecting the Y-chromosomal gr/gr region were reported in 2005 as associated with susceptibility to testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT), a highly heritable tumor type that is the most common cancer type affecting adult men under the age of 45. Attempts to replicate this association have been equivocal, primarily due to limited power. MethodsHere, we compare and validate two computational approaches to gr/gr deletion calling in high-, low- and ultra-low-coverage whole gen...

BackgroundEarly identification of malnutrition is critical for improving clinical outcomes in oncology patients. However, there are no established biomarkers for malnutrition screening. ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify circulating lipid species associated with malnutrition risk among oncology patients through lipidomic analysis. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using plasma samples from oncology patients classified as at risk (n = 90) or not at risk (n = 90) for malnutrition u...